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Clinical Biochemicals > Biochemical reagents

Biochemical reagents-1

Test Name : Albumin

Pack Insert

Reference Range

Comments

0min-1 month: 29-55 g/L
1-4 months: 28-50 g/L
5 months-1 year: 39-51 g/L
>1 year: 35-50 g/L

This test helps in determining if a patient has liver disease or kidney disease, or if not enough protein is being absorbed by the body

Lower-than-normal levels of albumin may indicate:
‧ascites
‧burns (extensive)
‧glomerulonephrits
‧liver disease (for example, hepatitis ,cirrhosis , or hepatocellular necrosis "tissue death")
‧malabsorption syndromes (for example, Crohn's disease, sprue, or Whipple's disease)
‧malnutrition
‧nephritic syndrome

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Test Name : ALT (GPT) (AlanineTransaminase)

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Reference Range

Comments

0-40 U/L

The presence of hemolysis may falsely elevate ALT.
Used in the evaluation of liver disease; elevated in most forms of liver disease.

Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
‧hepatitis (viral, autoimmune)
‧use of hepatotoxic drugs
‧hepatic (liver) ischemia (blood deficiency)
‧cirrhosis
‧hepatic tumor

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Test Name : AST (GOT) (Aspartate Transaminase)

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Reference Range

Comments

0-41 U/L

it is used primarily to diagnose and monitor the course of liver disease (in combination with other enzymes such as ALT, ALP, and bilirubin). It has also been used to monitor patients with heart attacks, but it is much less specific than CPK isoenzyme and LDH isoenzyme for this purpose.

An increase in AST levels may indicate:
‧acute hemolytic anemia
‧acute pancreatitis or acute renal failure
‧hepatic (liver) cirrhosis or necrosis (tissue death) hepatitis or liver cancer
‧infection mononucleosis
‧multiple trauma
‧myocardial infarction (heart attack)
‧primary muscle disease or progressive muscular dystrophy
‧recent cardiac catheterization or angioplasty
‧recent convulsion
‧recent surgery
‧severe deep burn
‧skeletal muscle trauma

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Test Name : ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

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Reference Range

Comments

normal range is 44 to 147 IU/L

Male:
1 year-9 years: 120-418 U/L
9-12 years: 123-288 U/L
12-16 years: 63-331 U/L
16-20 years: 75-347 U/L
>20 years: 18 - 113 U/L
Female:
1 year-9 years: 134-359 U/L
9-12 years: 123-288 U/L
12-16 years: 87-311 U/L
16-20 years: 39-241 U/L
>20 years: 18 - 113 U/L

Hemolysis is an interfering substance with this methodology.
Normally increased to 400 IU/L in children, adolescence and
pregnancy. Abnormally elevated with increased osteoblastic activity (e.g. bone metastasis, Paget's disease of bone), in obstructive liver disease and in some carcinomas of the bronchus .

Greater-than-normal ALP levels may indicate:
‧anemia
‧biliary obstruction
‧bone disease
‧healing fracture
‧hepatitis, or liver disease
‧hyperparathyoidism
‧leukemia
‧osteoblastic bone
‧osteomalacia
‧Paget's disease
‧rickets
Lower-than-normal ALP levels (hypophosphatasemia) may indicate:
‧malnutrition
‧protein deficiency

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Test Name : Direct Bilirubin(DB)

Pack Insert

Reference Range

Comments

0-0.3 mg/dL

This test is useful in determining if a patient has liver disease or a blocked bile duct .

Increased direct bilirubin may indicate:
‧bile duct obstruction
‧hepatitis or cirrhosis
‧Crigler-Najjar syndrome (very rare)
‧Dubin-Johnson syndrome (very rare)

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Test Name : Total Bilirubin(TB)

Pack Insert

Reference Range

Comments

0.2-1.6 mg/dL

Hemolyzed and lipemic plasma may interfere with this test methodology.

Increased total bilirubin may indicate:
‧Erythroblastosis fetalis
‧Gilbert's disease
‧Hemolytic anemia
‧Hemolytic disease of the newborn
‧physiological jaundice (normal in newborns)
‧sickle cell anemia
‧transfusion reaction
‧pernicious anemia
‧resolution of a large hematoma

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Test Name : LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)

Pack Insert

Reference Range

Comments

0-3 yrs.: 176-354 U/L
>3 yrs.: 91-180 U/L

Hemolysis may cause falsely elevated results. Increases occur due to necrosis of liver, skeletal muscle, red blood cells, bone marrow and malignancies. Very nonspecific.

Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
‧ cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke)
‧heart attack
‧hemolytic anemia
‧hypotension
‧infectious mononucleosis
‧intestinal ischemia (blood deficiency) and infarction (tissue death)
‧ liver disease (for example, hepatitis)
‧ muscle injury or muscular dystrophy
‧ neoplastic (new abnormal tissue formation) states
‧ pancreatitis
‧ pulmonary infarction (tissue death)

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Note: if the LDH level is elevated, the health care provider will often recommend measurement of LDH isoenzymes.

Test Name : LDH isoenzyme
Reference Range	Comments
Total 95-213 U/L, LD1 19-31%, LD2 30-39%, LD3 17-27%, LD4 5-13%, LD5 5-12 %	This test is usually performed when elevated LDH levels are suspected. Measurement of LDH isoenzymes is helpful in determining the location of the tissue damage. Greater-than-normal LDH isoenzyme levels may be seen in: ‧Heart attack ‧Hemolytic anemia ‧Hypotension ‧Infectious mononucleosis ‧Intestinal ischemia (blood deficiency) and infarction (tissue death) ‧Liver disease (e.g., hepatitis) ‧Muscle injury or muscular dystrophy ‧Pancreatitis ‧Pulmonary (lung) infarction (tissue death) ‧Stroke

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