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Reference Range
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Comments
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64 to 126 mg/dl
Ps: 65-150 mg/dl,<165 mg/dl
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This test is used to evaluate glucose (blood sugar) levels. It may be used to diagnose diabetes, monitor diabetic control, or as a screening test.
Greater-than-normal levels (hyperglycemia) may indicate:
•Insufficient amount of insulin
•Excessive food intake
•Diabetes mellitus
•Cushing's syndrome (rare)
•Hyperthyroidism
•Pancreatic cancer
•Pancreatitis
•Acromegaly (very rare)
•Pheochromocytoma (very rare)
Lower-than-normal levels (hypoglycemia) may indicate:
•Hypopituitarism
•Hypothyroidism
•Insulinoma (very rare)
•Injection of too much insulin
•Insufficient dietary intake |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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M 8-60 U/L,
F 4-51 U/L |
This test is used to detect diseases of the liver, bile ducts, and kidney; and to differentiate liver or bile duct (hepatobiliary) disorders from bone disease.
GGT is measured in combination with other tests. In particular, ALP is increased in hepatobiliary disease and bone disease. GGT is elevated in hepatobiliary disease, but not in bone disease. So, a patient with an elevated ALP and a normal GGT probably has bone disease, not hepatobiliary disease
.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•congestive heart failure
•cholestasis (congestion of the bile ducts)
•cirrhosis
•hepatic (liver) ischemia (blood deficiency)
•hepatic (liver) necrosis (tissue death)
•hepatic tumor
•hepatitis
•hepatotoxic drugs |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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<190 U/L |
This test is primarily performed to diagnose or monitor diseases of the pancreas. It may also reflect gallbladder disease, some gastrointestinal problems, and other disorders. When the pancreas is diseased or inflamed, amylase escapes into the blood.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•acute pancreatitis
•cancer of the pancreas, ovaries, or lungs
•cholecystitis
•ectopic or ruptured tubal pregnancy
•gallbladder attack resulting from disease
•infection of the salivary glands (mumps or an obstruction)
•intestinal obstruction
•macroamylasemia
•pancreatic or bile duct obstruction
•perforated ulcer
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
•damage to the pancreas
•kidney disease
•pancreatic cancer
•toxemia of pregnancy |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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2.1-4.7 mg/dL |
This test is performed to evaluate the blood level of phosphorus, particularly in the presence of disorders known to cause abnormal phosphorus levels.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Bone metastasis
•Hypocalcemia
•Hypoparathyoidism
•Increased dietary or IV intake of PO4
•Liver disease
•Renal failure
•Sarcpolpsis
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Diabetic ketoacidosis
•Hypercalcemia
•Hyperinsulinism
•Hyperparathyroidism
•Inadequate dietary intake of PO4 or Vitamin D resulting in rickets (childhood) or osteomalacia (adult) |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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1.8-3.0 mg/dL
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Magnesium is an essential element that serves as a cofactor in
many enzymatic reactions. It also serves as a secondary agent in the development of transmembrane potentials. Magnesium is predominantly an intracellular cation, and while serum concentrations may be low, measurements may not reflect intracellular concentrations. Red cells contain about three times the magnesium found in plasma, with the magnesium free within the interior of the cell. (Mg is not bound to the cell membrane like Ca).
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Addison's disease
•Chronic renal failure
•Dehydration
•Diabetic acidosis
•Oliguria
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Alcolism
•Chroniciarrhea
•Delirium tremens
•Excessive administration of insulin
•Hepatic (liver) cirrhosis
•Hyperaldosterionism
•Ulcerative colitis
•Pancreatitis
•Toxemia of pregnancy |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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8.4-10.6 mg/dL
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All cells require calcium for numerous functions. Calcium is especially important in the structure of bones and in the neuromuscular activity. A deficiency of calcium in the body fluids causes hyperexcitable nerves and muscles. Excess calcium has the opposite effect.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Hyperparathyroidism
•Metastatic bone tumor
•Milk-alkali syndrome
•Multiple myeloma
•Paget's disease
•Sarcoidosis
•Tumors producing a PTH-like substance
•Vitamin D intoxication
Lower than normal levels may indicate:
•Hypoparathyroidism
•Malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract)
•Osteomalacia
•Pancreatitis
•Renal failure
•Rickets
•Vitamin D deficiency |
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| Test Name : Ca, ionized (calcium) |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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children: 4.4 to 6.0 mg/dl
adult: 4.4 to 5.3 mg/dl
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Serum calcium is usually measured to screen for or monitor diseases of the bone or calcium regulation disorders (that is, diseases of the parathyroid gland or kidneys). All cells require calcium for numerous functions. Calcium is especially important in the structure of bones and teeth. Calcium is vital for muscle contraction, heart function, transmission of nerve impulses, and blood clotting.
About half of the calcium in the serum is loosely associated with proteins. The other half (which is the metabolically active portion) is called ionized calcium.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•Hyperparathyroidism
•Metastatic bone tumor
•Milk-alkali syndrome
•Multiple myeloma
•Paget's disease
•Sarcoidosis
•Tumors producing a PTH-like substance
•Vitamin D intoxication
Lower than normal levels may indicate:
•Hypoparathyroidism
•Malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract)
•Osteomalacia
•Pancreatitis
•Renal failure
•Rickets
•Vitamin D deficiency |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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Male:
9.0-29.0 mol/L
Female:
7.0-27.0 mol/L
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In humans, iron is required as the functional ion in the porphyrin ring of heme in hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase, peroxidases and cytochromes. Iron interacts reversibly with oxygen, and in electron transfer reactions. Daily requirements for iron vary depending on sex, age, and physiological status such as during adolescence, pregnancy, nursing or menstruation.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•hemochromatosis
•hemolysis or hemolytic anemia
•hemosiderosis
•hepatic (liver) necrosis
•hepatitis
•ineffective erythropoiesis (e.g., Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin B6 deficiency)
•iron poisoning
•multiple transfusions
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
•chronic gastrointestinal blood loss
•chronic heavy menstrual bleeding
•inadequate absorption of iron
•insufficient dietary iron
•pregnanc |
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Reference Range
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Comments
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6.4-8.4 g/dL
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Total protein is a rough measure of serum protein. Protein measurements can reflect nutritional state, kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions. If total protein is abnormal, further tests must be performed to identify which protein fraction, and then which specific protein, is abnormal.
Greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
•chronic inflammation or infection
•multiple myeloma
•Waldenstrom's disease
Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:
•burns (extensive)
•glomerulonephritis
•hemorrhage
•liver disease
•malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract)
•malnutrition
•protein-losing enteropathy
•agammaglobulinemia
•light chain disease |
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