| Test
Name : BUN (Blood urea nitrogen,
Urea) |
Pack
Insert |
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
7-20 mg/dL
|
The
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test
is a somewhat routine test used
primarily to evaluate renal (kidney)
function. The test is often performed
on patients with many different
diseases.
Greater-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•Congestive heart failure
•excessive protein catabolism
(for example, starvation)
•excessive protein ingestion
•gastrointestinal bleeding
•hypovolemia (for example, burns
and dehydration)
•myocardial infarction
•renal disease (for example, glomerulonephritis,
pyelonphritis, and acute tubular
necrosis) or failure
• urinary tract obstruction (for
example, tumor, stones, and prostatic
hypertrophy)
Lower-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•liver failure
•low protein diet
•malnutrition
•over hydration |
|
 |
|
 |
|
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
125-240 mg/dL
|
This
test is often performed to evaluate
risks for heart disease.
Evaluated cholesterol levels may
be caused by:
Biliary cirrhosis, familial hyperlipidemias,
high-cholesterol diet, hypothyroidism,
nephritic syndrome, uncontrolled
diabetes .
Low
cholesterol levels may be caused
by:
•hyperthyroidism
• liver disease
•malabsorption (inadequate absorption
of nutrients from the intestinal
tract)
•malnutrition
•pernicious anemia
•sepsis |
|
|
|
| Test
Name : HDL-C (High Density Lipoprotein
- Cholesterol) |
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
M 30-70 mg/dL,
F 31-79 mg/dL
|
This
test is used in an evaluation
of coronary risk factors.
An HDL 60 mg/ml or above helps
protect against heart disease
.
Low
HDL levels may indicate:
•Increased risk of atherosclerotic
heart disease. |
|
| |
|
| Test
Name : LDL-C (Low Density Lipoprotein
- Cholesterol) |
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
|
<160 mg/dl
Optimal: < 100 mg/dl
Near Optimal: 100-129 mg/dl
Borderline High: 130-159 mg/dl
High: 160-189 mg/dl
Very High: > 190 mg/dl
|
This
test is usually performed as part
of an evaluation of coronary risk
factors.
LDL cholesterol level is a better
indicator of your risk for a heart
attack and stroke than total cholesterol.
High
levels of LDL may be associated
with:
•Increased risk of atherosclerotic
heart disease
•Familial hyperlipoproteinemia
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
|
20-200 mg/dl
NormalL < 150 mg/dl
Borderline High: 150-199 mg/dl
High: 200-499 mg/dl
Very High: > 500 mg/dl
|
Triglycerides
are often measured as a reflection
of fat (lipid) ingestion and metabolis,
or as part of an evaluation of
coronary risk factors.
Greater-than-normal
levels may indicate:
• Cirrhosis
•Familial hyperlipoproteinemia
(rare)
•Hypothyroidism
•Low protein in diet and high
carbohydrates
•Poorly controlled diabetes
•Nephrotic syndrome
•Pancreatitis
Lower-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•Malabsorption syndrome (inadequate
absorption of nutrients in the
intestinal tract)
•Malnutrition
•Hyperthyroidism
•Low fat diet |
|
|
|
|
| Test
Name : CPK (creatine kinease;
creatine phosphokinase) |
Pack
Insert |
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
M
27-168 U/L,
F 24-120 U/L
|
When
a muscle is damaged, CPK leaks
into the bloodstream.
Higher
than normal total CPK levels may
be seen with:
•Heart attack
•myocarditis (inflammation of
the heart muscle)
•central nervous system trauma
or stroke
•convulsions
•delirium tremens
•dermatomyositis or polymyositis
•electric shock
•muscular dystrophies
•pulmonary infarction (tissue
death) |
|
|
|
|
| Test
Name : CPK isoenzyme |
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
Total : M 27-168,
F 24-120 U/L
MM >94-96%,
MB <4-6%,
BB 0%
|
CPK
isoenzymes are performed when
the total CPK level is elevated
and help differentiate the source
of the damaged tissue.
Higher-than-normal
CPK-3 (MM) levels may occur with:
•crush injuries of skeletal muscleo
or muscular dystrophy
•multiple intramuscular injections
•myositis (skeletal muscle inflammation)
•post-electromyography (a test
of nerve and muscle function)
•recent seizures or recent surgery
•rhabdomyolysis (skeletal muscle
damage due to drugs or prolonged
immobilization)
•strenuous exercise
Higher-than-normal
CPK-2 (MB) levels may occur with:
•heart attack or open heart surgery
•myocarditis (inflammation of
the heart muscle mostly due to
viruses)
•electrical injuries
•trauma to the heart (for instance,
from a car accident)
•heart defibrillation (purposeful
shocking of the heart by medical
personnel)
Higher-than-normal
CPK-1 (BB) levels may occur with:
•brain cancer
•brain injury (due to trauma,
stroke or bleeding in the brain)
•electroconvulsive therapy
•pulmonary infarction
•seizure |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
M 2.5-7.2 mg/dl,
F 1.8-6.2 mg/dl
|
This
test is performed to detect elevated
uric acid levels. Increased levels
of uric acid can cause gout. An
overproduction of uric acid occurs
when there is excessive breakdown
of cells, which contain purines,
or the inability of the kidneys
to excrete uric acid.
Greater-than-normal
levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia)
may indicate:
•acidosis
•alcobolism
•diabetes
•gout
•hypoparathyridism
•lead poisoning
•leukemia
•niphrolithiasis
•polycythemia vera
•renal failure
•toxemia of pregnancy
•purine-rich diet
•severe exercise
Lower-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•Fanconi's syndrome
•Wilson's disease
•SIADH
•low purine diet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
Range
|
Comments
|
M 0.7-1.5 mg/dl,
F 0.5-1.2 mg/dl
|
The
test is performed to evaluate
kidney function. If kidney function
is abnormal, creatinine levels
will increase in the blood, due
to decreased excretion of creatinine
in the urine. Creatinine levels
also vary according to a persons
size and muscle mass.
Greater-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•Acute tubular necrosis
•Dehydration
•Diabetic nephropathy
•Eclampsia
•Glomerulonephritis
•Muscular dystrophy
•Pre-eclampsia
•Pyelonephritis
•Reduced renal blood flow (shock,
congestive heart failure)
•Renal failure
•Rhabdomyolysis
•Urinary tract obstruction
Lower-than-normal
levels may indicate:
•Muscular dystrophy (late stage)
•Myasthenia gravis |
|
|
|
|
